El Hereje (The Heretic) – Miguel Delibes

Oct 16, 2019Alberto, Books9 comments

El Hereje – Miguel Delibes 

Estas pasadas vacaciones he leído El Hereje, la última novela de Miguel Delibes (1920-2010), un escritor español que desarrolló su obra entre la posguerra civil española y los años 80, aproximadamente. Delibes es un narrador brillante en su sencillez, que transmite limpiamente aquello que retrata: en general, la sociedad española de la posguerra y, muy especialmente, la imagen del mundo rural castellano (la unión del paisaje con sus gentes) duro, sobrio y, en sus obras, sabio.

El Hereje es su última obra, escrita cuando ya se había retirado del oficio. Fue el tema lo que le atrajo poderosamente y le llevó a coger de nuevo la pluma, algo a lo que se había resistido desde hacía casi una década.

En su momento, la obra despertó gran expectación, por un lado, pero por otro, me habían llegado comentarios de que se trataba de algún modo de una obra fallida, de un proyecto que había superado las capacidades, ya algo mermadas, del autor. Tras leerla no descarto esta opinión de todo: en algunos momentos el relato no es que se atasque, pero quizás fluye con menos suavidad. No obstante, no dudo que se trata de una obra importante, tanto por su calidad literaria como por su temática.

El Hereje nos habla de lo que pudo ser y no fue.

Su acción se sitúa en la España, concretamente en Valladolid, hacia el comedio del siglo XVI, en un momento en el que las alarmas han saltado en Europa a raíz de las denuncias de Lutero, en parte ya anticipadas por Erasmo de Rotterdam. 

Atraídos por la perspectiva de una religiosidad nueva, partidaria de una relación con la divinidad no tan fuertemente intermediada como venía siendo habitual, algunos reducidos círculos de creyentes españoles trataron de seguir la estela del monje alemán. En los primeros tiempos estas posturas fueron más o menos toleradas, pero a medida que la Reforma se asentaba en Centroeuropa, el Sur se fue radicalizando.

Identificando religión y dinastía, Carlos I y Felipe II optaron por combatir las novedades con saña, cerrando España a la influencia extranjera y afirmándola en una religiosidad frontalmente diferente, mediatizada por el clero y simplificada para el pueblo, que afirmará su fe en actos cotidianos y en ocasiones solemnes, donde es tan importante participar como ser visto haciéndolo. Todo intento de análisis personal, de exploración de los pliegues y el nervio de la propia alma, será atenta y rigurosamente supervisado por la religión oficial.

En este contexto transcurre la novela, que es rica en detalles, como el de hacer de su protagonista un exitoso comerciante, promotor de iniciativas económicas que serán luego características de la Europa protestante y acabarán propiciando la Revolución Industrial. 

Pero no el tema no es este, sino la vida interior del protagonista, Cipriano, una persona que intenta, por encima de todo, encontrar el sentido de su vida, entendida como una experiencia que ha de ser vivida conforme a los designios de Dios. Es esta búsqueda lo que le lleva a contactar con el círculo luterano de Valladolid y, tras profundas reflexiones, a abrazar las propuestas del doctor de Wittemberg, sin, por otro lado, hacer grandes renuncias con respecto al núcleo de la religión aprendida en su infancia, porque en último extremo la diferencia de dogmas no era abismal ni insalvable.

Pero las cosas no son tan fáciles. En este momento y en este lugar ¿tiene una persona derecho a plantearse por sí misma estas cuestiones? Y si se le niega, ¿cómo proceder?, ¿seguir pese a los riesgos? Y en último extremo, ¿es tan importante que se sepa lo que pienso o es mejor disimular?

Son cuestiones fundamentales para que cada persona pueda vivir una vida buena, pero tienen también un alcance mayor. En último extremo, el libro no habla solo de la peripecia vital de una o varias personas, sino también de cómo se crean los relatos que configuran las sociedades, las de su tiempo y las de tiempos por venir. Y hoy, a más de 500 años de distancia, seguimos recogiendo frutos de las decisiones que entonces se tomaron.

Alberto, Oct 2019

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The Heretic – Miguel Delibes

Last summer holiday, I read The Heretic, the last work of Spanish writer Miguel Delibes (1920-2010).

Delibes is a brilliant author who, in his simplicity, is able to transmit the environments he depicts – usually Spanish post-war society and particularly the Castilian rural World. He is able to evoke the symbiosis of landscape and people; their toughness, restraint and wisdom.

The Heretic was written when he had already retired. It was the subject that led him to return to writing. At the time, the work aroused great expectation, but it also received criticism that it had exceeded the author’s capacities. After reading it I don’t rule out completely this opinion: it may be that at certain times the story doesn’t flows so smoothly. But I have no doubt that it is an important work, both for its literary quality as for its story.

The Heretic talks to us about what could be and was not. The story is located in Spain, specifically in Valladolid, about the middle of the sixteenth century, at a crucial moment when alarms were heard in Europe due to Luther’s theses.

Attracted by the prospect of new religion some small groups of Spanish believers tried to follow the lead of the German monk. In the early days these positions were more or less tolerated, but as the Reform settled in Central Europe, the South became more radicalized. 

Charles I and Philip II chose to fight fiercely against these innovations. They closed Spain to foreign influence and reaffirmed a contrary religion, mediated by the clergy and simplified for the people, who affirmed their faith in daily acts and solemn occasions (where it is as important to participate as to be seen doing it). Any attempt at self-analysis, at scanning one’s own soul was closely monitored by the official religion.

The book takes us to the inner life of the main character, Cipriano, a man who above all tries to find the meaning of his life. It is this search that leads him to contact the Lutheran circle of Valladolid and, after profound reflection, to embrace the ideas of Wittemberg’s doctor, without making great sacrifices with regard to the religion learnt in his infancy. At this point, ultimately, the difference in dogmas was not unmanageable. 

But things are not so easy. At that time and place, did a person actually have the right to ask such questions individually? And if not, then how should one proceed? Should one continue despite the risks? And ultimately, is it important that others know what I believe or is it better to disguise it? These are priority issues for a person to be able to live a good life, but they have even greater reach than that. 

In the end the book does not speak only about the vital experience of an individual, but also about how the stories that shape societies, in the present and in the future, are created. And today, more than 500 years after that time, we continue reaping the fruits of the decisions that were made then.

Alberto, Oct 2019

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From amazon

“The first one hundred pages of The Heretic contain perhaps the most brilliant, magical passages in all of Delibess work” Andrés Ibañez, Revista de Libros

At the very moment that Martin Luther nails his ninety-five theses to a church door and launches the movement that will divide the Roman Catholic Church, a child is born, his fate marked by the political and religious upheaval taking root in Europe. Cipriano Salcedo grows up to become a prosperous merchant and joins the Reformation movement, which is secretly advancing on the Iberian Peninsula. But before long, the Spanish Inquisition will drive the Reformers to put their lives at stake. Delibes paints a masterful portrait of the time of Spain’s Charles V and the social and intellectual atmosphere of Europe at one of history’s most pivotal moments. An ode to tolerance and the liberty of conscience, “The Heretic” is a gripping tale and a vivid portrait of the tumult that would split the Catholic Church in two and completely refashion the western world.

Miguel Delibes was born in Valladolid, Spain in 1920. His more than fifty books have been translated into sixteen languages. In 1973 he became a member of the Royal Academy, and in 1999 The Heretic won the Premio Nacional de Narrative, Spain’s premier literary prize.

 

*image posted under fair use of copyright material in recommendation of the book

9 Comments

  1. Rinus

    Thank you for making us attentive of this remarkable story of Cipriano’s quest for the meaning of his life. And at the end you ask important questions about the freedom we have in our social and religious context to pursue that question and about the manner in which we should conduct that pursuit.

  2. Ju

    Thank you for drawing our attention to this book and for opening part of European history and something of the story of Valladolid to us

  3. Doug

    I believe we must continually nourish that questioning / searching in ourselves. The only alternative is indifference…and that is not living, no matter what your beliefs or culture. As far as the larger scope of society, I think the trick is to find the right time and context where your voiced questions will really be heard.

  4. jkylegregory

    Thank you Alberto, for your concluding questions. They feel very relevant to my life, and that of my local friends, as I live in Beijing.

  5. Dan

    El hereje es una novela estupenda si uno quiere imaginar la trayectoria de España en aquellos años, y cómo tal vez haya influido en nuestro mundo de hoy. Además, el breve análisis que nos ofrece Alberto destila ideas que me hablan de los retos a los que uno se enfrenta al elegir caminos en la vida que requieran un esfuerzo y una decisión personal, ante una sociedad que a veces no da espacio para otras formas de pensar y vivir, aunque nos aportaran valor a la vida o superaran las fórmulas pre-establecidas. Me atrae la idea de vivir una vida buena y de que nuestras vidas siguan creando una serie de relatos hoy.

  6. Andrea

    In this story, religion is all about power, and Cipriano’s attempts at good living do not always lead to a ‘successful’ outcome. However, the small love he is shown in the last scene defies the institutional machinery designed to crush the human spirit. A powerful read and a brave book for its time.

  7. Robert

    I think you raise a great question here – the question of whether to disclose or disguise what we believe. Maybe the answer is not either/or, but rather both/and. For me, it’s the credibility of a life well lived that is convincing, not openly declared beliefs. I’ve not read this book, but it sounds like being a heretic is a path to a virtuous life after all – and what better place to be one than in such a lovely place as Valladolid, a city I enjoyed experiencing for the first time a few days ago.

  8. Mary C

    Great questions at the end! Your review reminded me of another book, Silence by Endo Shusaku. Is it ultimately a quality life, a good and meaningful life, that speaks most to what is authentic, real and lasting?

  9. Craig

    Me gustó mucho la idea de que El Hereje ¨nos habla de lo que pudo ser y no fue. No planteo la idea de cambiar la historia sino la imaginación de pensar en otras posibilidades para un país o para mi mismo. Gracis por abrir la puerta a esta historia.

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